CONJUNCTIONS

CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions atau kata sambung ada dua jenis yaitu:
1. Coordinating conjunctions yaitu kata sambung untuk menyambungkan dua kalimat yang setara. Conjunctions yang dipakai adalah besides, so, still, and, but, however, therefore, otherwise, both...and,or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also.
a. Besides doing typing, I also cook for lunch.
b. Our cases were heavy so we took a taxi.
c. You aren’t rich; still, you could do something to help others.
d. My daugther is using the computer and my son is watching tv.
e. “I love you but I hate you, my love!” Slank sings.
f. I’ll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it. orHe may not want it however or Tom, however, may not want it or If, however he doesn’t want it.
g. There is a fog at Heathrow; the plane , therefore has been diverted or The plane has therefore been diverted or therefore the plane has been diverted.
h. We must be early; otherwise/or else we won’t get a seat.


2. Sub ordinating conjunctions
yaitu kata sambung untuk menyambungkan kalimat yang tidak setara. Conjunctions yang dipakai adalah because, as, for, since, though, although,
a. I do not want to accompany him to the cafe because I don’t feel like staying there.
b. As I punished my son, I felt very sorry and guilty.
c. The days are very cool for now we’re in rainy seasons.
d. Since he is the son of the farmer, he knows well how to plant the rice.
e. She says she will come, though, I don’t think she won’t.
f. Although I think that I’m weak at english, I promise i will do the best for my success.

CONJUCTIONS
Conjuction atau connector atau kata penghubung aadalah kata yang menghubungkan kata, frasa ataupun kalimat menjadi satu.
Jenis Conjunction Diikuti/Ditambah Meaning/Arti
Kalimat Frasa
And √ √ Dan
But √ √ Tetapi
Or √ √ Atau
While √ √ Sementara
Either…or √ Baik….maupun….
Neither…nor √ Tidak juga….ataupun….
If √ Jika
Unless √ Jika ….tidak
When √ Ketika
Because √ Karena
Because of √ Karena
Although √ Meskipun
Though √ Meskipun
Inspite of √ Meskipun
Despite √ Meskipun
Until √ Sampai
Since √ Karena
After √ Setelah
Before √ Sebelum
So √ Jadi
So…that… √ √ Sangat….sehingga…
So that √ Sehingga
However √ Namun demikian
Therefore √ Maka dari itu
As if √ Seolah-olah
As though √ Seolah-olah
Not only….but also…. √ √ Tidak hanya…tetapi juga
Both…and…. √ √ Baik…maupun ….

GERUND

GERUND
Gerund adalah kata benda yang bentuknya seperti kata kerja ‘ing’ (v ing) seperti coming, studying, swimming, dsb. Dalam kalimat gerund bisa berfungsi sebagai:
a. Subyek
- Studying english is fun for me.
- Facing the final test makes me a little bit nervous.
- Doing the best is one way to eliminate my nervous.

b. Obyek
- I never like watching boxing.
- She enjoys travelling so much.
- My children have finished taking a bath.

c. Complement
- My hobby is reading, singing, and appreciating films.
- What they want is staying in a nice place, having fun, and having a lot of money.
- If you ask me my idea, being a reporter is the one I want.
Gerund bisa muncul apabila:
1. setelah preposisi seperti besides, to, at, on, of, off, for, without, against, after, before, about, by, in, up.
a. Before doing things, I never forget saying bismillah.
b. She is looking forward to seeing you soon.
c. Because they’ve accepted us not in a good manner, we come home without saying things.
2. setelah kata-kata kerja tertentu seperti: admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forget, forgive, imagine, involve, keep (on), loathe, mean, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, prevent, propose, recollect, remember, resent, resist, risk, save, stop, suggest, understand. Dan setelah kata-kata can’t stand, can’t help, it’s no use/good/worth.
a. I really enjoy helping my mother every afternoon.
b. I‘m really sorry that you missed attending the most interesting seminar yesterday.
c. I can’t help falling in love wih you.
d. I wonder why she always forget taking the english book as she say to me.

SUFFIXES

SUFFIXES/AKHIRAN
A. suffixes to form noun (akhiran yang membentuk kata benda
- ……ment
government, infotainment, movement
- ……ity
nationality, city, mortality
- ……ion/tion
Nation, motion, caution
- ……age
bandage, sausage, gabbage
- ……ture
picture, mixture, texture
- ……ance/ence
governance, existance, province
- ……ness
illness, braveness, lonelyness
- ……ice
notice, practice, service
- ……al
proposal, disposal, national
- ……or
actor, corruptor, director
- ……er
teacher, runner, swimmer
- ……ant/ent
assistant, polutant, president
- ……ist
chemist, physist, biologist
- ……ee
employee, trainee, payee
B. Suffixes to form verbs (akhiran yang membentuk kata kerja)
- ……ize
Minimize, maximize,
- ……ise
practise, advertise,
- ……ed
studied, waited, learned
- ……ing
moving, starting, standing
- ……en
Strengthen, weakend, shorthen
C. Suffixes to form adjectives (akhiran yang membentuk kata sifat)
- ……able
untouchable, moveable, readable
- ……less
armless, jobless, hopeless
- ……al
special, critical, economical
- ……ful
forgetful, beautiful, helpful
- ……ive
passive, constructive, reactive
D. Suffixes to form adverbs (akhiran yang membentuk kata keterangan cara)
- ……ly
Smartly, bravely, beautifully
PREFIXES/AWALAN
Awalan yang mengandung arti negatif
A. Un
Undone, unfriendly, untouchable
B. Im
Impossible, impolite
C. Ill
Illegal,
D. In
Indefinite
E. Non
Nonsense

PREPOSITION

PREPOSITIONS
Preposition adalah kata depan . Biasanya kata ini ditambahkan dengan kata benda, kata keterangan tempat atau kata keterangan waktu. Berbagai jenis preposisi adalah sebagai berikut:

Preposisi Waktu Tempat
On Untuk tanggal dan hari Untuk nama jalan
Untuk benda yang menempel pada bidang
In Untuk minggu, bulan, tahun, abad, in the morning, in the afternoon Untuk nama jalan, desa, kota, negara, propinsi, benua
Di dalam
At Untuk jam, at noon, at night, at dawn Untuk alamat lengkap
Untuk benda yang berada di lokasi tetapi kita tidak tauhu persis di sebelah mana
Under Di bawah
Above Di atas
In front of Di depan
Behind/at the back of Di belakang
Between Diantara dua benda
Among Diantara banyak benda
Around Disekitar
At the end of Di akhir
At the edge Diujung
Across Diseberang
Next to/beside Disamping
Near Dekat
Far Jauh

VERBS

VERBS
1. Continuous Verbs
Jenis pertama disebut "Continuous Verbs", pada umumnya kata kerja bahasa Inggris bertipe jenis ini. Ciri yang menonjol adalah kata kerja ini merupakan kegiatan secara fisik yang biasa dilakukan orang.
Continuous Verbs
to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch etc.
Examples:
I eat bread every week.
I am eating dinner now
2. Non Continuous Verbs
Jenis Kedua disebut "Non-continuous Verbs", Ciri yang menonjol adalah kata kerja ini merupakan sesuatu yang tidak bisa dikerjakan orang. Kata kerja ini jarang digunakan dalam "continuous" tenses. yaitu:
a. Abstract Verbs
to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...
b. Possession Verbs
to possess, to own, to belong...
c. Emotion Verbs
to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...

Examples:
1. He is here now. Correct
He is being here now. Not Correct
2. He wants a drink now. Correct
He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct
3. Mixed Verbs
Jenis ketiga adalah "Mixed Verbs", sedikit sekali kata kerja yang masuk dalam jenis ini.Ciri yang khas adalah kata kerja ini mempunyai dua arti yaitu berlaku seperti "Non-continuous Verbs", dan "Continuous Verbs."

Mixed Verbs
to have, to appear, to see, to hear, to feel, to weigh, to look ...
Examples:
to appear:
Donna appears confused. Non-continuous Verb
(Donna seems confused.)
My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Continuous Verb
(My favorite singer is giving a performance at the jazz club tonight.)
to hear:
She hears the music. Non-continuous Verb
(She hears the music with her ears.)
She is hearing voices. Continuous Verb
(To hear something others cannot hear. She is hearing voices in her mind.)
to feel:
The massage feels great. Non-continuous Verb
(The massage has a pleasing feeling.)
I don't feel well today. Continuous or Non-continuous Verb
I am not feeling well today.
(I am a little sick.)

QUESTION WORDS

QUESTION WORD
Question word adalah kata tanya. Wuestion word diletakkan di awal kalimat. Jenis-jenis question words adalah sebagai berikut:
a. What artinya apa, digunakan untuk menanyakan objek, benda.
b. Who artinya siapa digunakan untuk menanyakan orang sebagai subjek.
c. Whom artinya siapa digunakan untuk menanyakan orang sebagai objek.
d. Where artinya dimana digunakan untuk menanyakan tempat.
e. When artinya kapan digunakan untuk menanyakan waktu secara umum.
f. What time artinya jam berapa digunakan untuk menanyakan jam.
g. Why artinya mengapa digunakan untuk menanyakan alasan.
h. Which artinya yang mana digunakan untuk menanyakan pilihan
i. Whose artinya milik siapa digunakan untuk menanyakan kepemilikan.
j. How artinya bagaimana digunakan untuk menanyakan keadaan.
k. How many artinya berapa banyak digunakan untuk menanyakan jumlah kata benda yang bisa dihitung (countable noun).
l. How much artinya barapa harganya atau berapa jumlah benda yang tidak bisa dihitung.
m. How long artinya berapa panjang atau berapa lama.
n. How far artinya berapa jauh digunakan untuk menanyakan jarak satu tempat dengan tempat laain.
o. How deep artinya berapa dalam digunakan untuk menanyakan seberapa dalam suatu tempat.



Note:
Kita bisa membuat berbagai kata tanya atau question words lain dengan cara menambahkan kata sifat setelah kata how, misalnya how pretty, how diligent, how ill,dsb.

PREFERENCES

PREFERENCE

Preference adalah kalimat kelebihsukaan. Ada 4 jenis dan pola kalimat untuk preference yaitu:
1. S + prefer + noun (benda) + to + noun
S + prefer + V ing + to + V ing
2. S + like + noun + better than + noun
S + like + V ing + better than + V ing
3. S + would rather + inf + than + inf
4. S + had better + inf + than + inf

Examples:
1. a. She prefers apples to mangoes.
b. My brothers prefer playing football to playing basketball.
2. a. I like english better than mathematics.
b. My father likes reading a news better than reading a novel.
3. They would rather walk than take a taxi.
4. you had better sleep if you’re ill.

Note:
- Kata kerja prefer dan like bisa berubah – ubah sesuai dengan tenses dan subjectnya sementara kata would rather dan had better tidak.
- Kata prefer harus berpasangan dengan to, kata like harus berpasangan dengan beteer than dan woul rather serta had better harus berpasangan dengan than.
- Pola kalimat lain untuk would rather yaitu S + would rather + O + V2, contoh:

He would rather you didn’t go.
They would rather him spent the night here.