TENSES

TENSES
I. PRESENT TENSE

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian atau kegiatan sehari-hari atau kebiasaan atau kebenaran umum. Keterangan waktu yang digunakan adalah every day, every week, every month, every…. , On Mondays, on Tuesdays, on…. Sementara keterangan keseringan (adverb of Frequency) yang digunakan adalah always, generally, usually, never, ever, hardly ever, seldom, rarely, often yang biasanya diletakkan diantara subjek dengan verb. Pattern atau rumusnya sebagai berikut:
S+V1(s/es)
Note:
V1 adalah infinitive yaitu kata kerja yang tidak mendapat tambahan apapun apabila menggunakan subjek I, YOU, WE, THEY. Sementara s/es adalah tambahan di belakang V1 apabila menggunakan HE, SHE, IT.
Examples:
1. I cook for lunch at 9.00 every day.
2. you drive a car very carefully.
3. We study hard for facing our examination.
4. He plays the drum every day for competition.
5. She smiles at me every time we meet.
6. It eats the meat we give every week.

Untuk bentuk negative tinggal ditambahkan kata DO NOT /DON’T untuk subjek I, YOU, WE, THEY sebelum kata kerja dan DOES NOT/DOESN’T untuk subjek HE, SHE, IT.
Examples
1. I don’t like a burger with onion on it.
2. You don’t see a ghost, do you?
3. We don’t spend the night with useless activities.
4. They don’t play basketball but volley ball.
5. He doesn’t eat meat. He is a vegetarian.
6. She doesn’t sing alone.
7. It doesn’t suit with his color.
Sementara untuk bentuk interrogative tinggal memindahkan kata kerja bantu do atau does di awal kalimat.
Examples:
a. Do you like mangoes?
b. Do I have to sign here?
c. Do we stay here forever?
d. Do they want to help us?
e. Does she study chemistry?
f. Does he always make you happy?
g. Does her cat eat mouse?

Jawaban untuk pertanyaan interrogative adalah yes atau no yang diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja bantunya misalnya yes, I do; no, they don’t; yes she does; no he doesn’t.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE/ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada saat si pembicara berbicara atau di seputar waktu si pembicara berbicara. Adverbs of Time (kata keterangan waktu) yang digunakan adalah now, at present, at the moment, at this time, right now dan ungkapan seperti look!, listen!, wait!, be careful!, hurry up!
Pattern /pola kalimatnya/rumusnya adalah:
S + am/is/are + v ing
To be am untuk subjek I
To be is untuk subjek he, she, it
To be are untuk subjek you, we, they

Examples
1. I am looking for my wallet.
2. He is singing a song with our teacher.
3. She is watering the plants right now.
4. It is catching the mouse.
5. You are watching tv at this moment.
6. We are discussing an English test.
7. They are mending our shoes together.
8. Look! The police is interviewing the native.
9. Listen! Afgan is singing a very nice song.
10. Be careful! You are facing a short bridge.

Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah
S + am/is/are + not + v ing
Examples:
1. I am not taking your book.
2. He isn’t telling a lie, I’m sure.
3. She isn’t cooking the soup for you.
4. The cat isn’t sleeping now, it’s playing a ball.
5. You aren’t killing the ants, are you?
6. You and I aren’t fighting.
7. They aren’t listening to you, actually.

Sementara untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah
Am/is/are + S + ving?
Examples:
1. Are you feeling ok?
2. Am I doing the right thing?
3. Are you seriously giving me this gift?
4. Are they coming here altogether?
5. Is he signing a paper we need.
6. Is she participating the seminar?
7. Is the elephant chewing its food?

3. PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan. Kata keterangan waktu (adverb of time) nya adalah later, next month, next year, next …., tomorrow, tonight, this afternoon, this evening, soon.

Pattern /pola kalimatnya/rumusnya adalah:
a. S + will/shall + inf
b. S + am/is/are + going to + inf
c. S + plan/plans + to + inf
d. S + am/is/are + v ing

Note :
- Inf adalah infinitif atau kata kerja yang asli, tidak mendapat tambahan akhiran atau awalan apapun. Sementara to inf adalah infinitif yang diawali to misalnya to infinitif untuk kata kerja go adalah to go.
- Kata yang dicetak miring pada pola kalimat diatas mempunyai arti akan.
- Will bisa digunakan untuk semua subjek sementara shall hanya digunakan untuk I dan we saja.

Examples:
a. 1. I will introduce you to my friend.
2. You will understand him soon.
b. 1 She is going to come here on next Monday.
2. They are going to guide me tomorrow.
3. I am going to accompany her to the supermarket.
c. 1. We plan to go to Pangandaran beach on holiday.
2. My daughter plans to stay in her cousins’house tonight.
d. 1. She is studying mathematics with me this evening.
2. They are being good students, I believe!
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
1. S + will/shall + not + inf
2. S + am/is/are + not + going to + inf
3. S + don’t/doesn’t plan + to inf
4. S + am/is/are + not + to inf
Examples:
1. I will not be a woman just like what you want.
2. We shall not say it until he keeps silent.
3. They don’t plan to come back here.
4. He is not being ambarassed if you ask his debt.
5. She is not being here when you call.
6. A horse is not being a lion.
7. I am not being in Bandung in a week.

Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
1. will/shall + S + inf
2. am/is/are + S + going to + inf
3. do/does + S + plan + to inf
4. am/is/are + S + to inf
Examples:
1. will you take care of my children when I’m away?
2. Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
3. Am I going to finish this paper alone?
4. Is he going to burn all the papers?
5. Do they plan to study abroad after finish studying here?
6. Does she plan to make a café later on?
7. Are we leaving it behind?

5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang telah dilakukan dan masih ada akibat atau hasilnya sampai sekarang. Adverb of time yang digunakan yaitu since……, for……, dan during …… .
Since berarti sejak atau merupakan titik waktu kita memulai suatu pekerjaan atau kegiatan sehingga harus ditambahkan dengan waktu yang merupakan titik permulaan biasanya ditandai dengan kata ……..ago atau last….. misalnya since two days ago, since last three months, last week dsb.
Sementara for berarti selama, merupakan lamanya waktu untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan. Biasanya ada jumlah waktunya atau nama waktunya misalnya for a week, for 5 years, dsb.
During juga berarti selama. Bedanya dengan for adalah during biasanya diikuti dengan nama waktu misalnya during holiday, during fasting month, dsb.
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + have/has + v 3
Note:
- have untuk subjek I, you, we, they
- has untuk subjek he, she, it.

Examples:
a. I have done the work since two hours ago.
b. You have watched this film several times.
c. We have translated for you for one hour.
d. They have come back here since this morning.
e. He has turned the car round but he still can’t find it.
f. She has made a nice bucket of fower for you.
g. It has taken the fish from the dining table.

Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + have/has + not + v 3
Examples:
1. I haven’t told him the secret.
2. You haven’t paid me your debt.
3. We haven’t said anything to her.
4. They haven’t typed the words you said.
5. He hasn’t washed his motorbike.
6. She hasn’t sewn my clothes.
7. It hasn’t eaten anything since this morning. Maybe it’s ill.

Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
have/has + S + v 3?
Examples:
1. Have I put my bag? I don’t remember.
2. Have you made a decision?
3. Have we discussed it before?
4. Have they sent them back?
5. Has he already delivered his speech?
6. Has she fixed her car yet?
7. Has it caught the mouse?

II. PAST TENSE

1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan dan tidak ada akibatnya atau yang dipentingkan hanya waktunya saja. Adverb of time yang digunakan adalah last night, last week, last….., yesterday, five months ago, two minutes ago, ……….ago, this morning.

Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + v2
Examples:
1. I kept my keys here five minutes ago.
2. You took my books, right?
3. We ment this for you.
4. They got the clips we needed.
5. He woke up late this morning.
6. She walked alone in the middle of the night yesterday.
7. The rabbit was cute. It died a moment ago.

Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + didn’t + v 1
S + was/were + not + N/adj/adv?
Examples:
1. I was not brave to tell my boss about it.
2. You didn’t let me do it.
3. We weren’t students of secondary 5.
4. They didn’t understand what happenned.
5. He didn’t fold the jacket.
6. She wasn’t in Jakarta last week.
7. It didn’t smell anything.

Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
Did + S + V1?
Was/were + S + N/adj/adv?
Examples:
1. Did I speak up in my sleeping?
2. Were you there when I was here?
3. Did we thank him?
4. Were they members of our group?
5. Did he laughed at you? How brave!
6. Did she turn the books?
7. Did it tear the papers?

2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain sedang berlansung. Adverb of time yang digunakan adalah when……, dan while…… .
Setelah while harus ditambah bentuk past continuous ( S + was/were + v ing) sementara setelah when harus ditambah bentuk simple past ( S + V 2).
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + was/were + v ing
Note:
- Was digunakan untuk subjek I, he, she, it
- Were digunakan untuk subjek you, we, they
Examples:
1. I was preparing my show when you called me.
2. You were singing while he was reading a poetry.
3. We were digging the land when I saw a snake.
4. They were flying to Europe while we were staying here.
5. He was knocking on the door when my father openned it.
6. She was trembling when she came on stage.
7. The goats were eating the grass when we were ready to kill them.

Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + was/were + NOT + v ing

Examples:
 I wasn’t doing anything when you came to me.
 You weren’t smiling at him when I glanced you.
 We weren’t typing your paper.
 They weren’t learning how to cook.
 He wasn’t taking a bath.
 She wasn’t walking alone.
 It wasn’t moving the chair.

Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
was/were + S + v ing?
Examples:
1. Was I making it round?
2. Were you saying the nasty words?
3. Were we pulling this door?
4. Were they grabbing us?
5. Was he denying the fact?
6. Was she blaming herself?
7. Was it easily catching it?

3. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain sudah dilakukan di masa lampau. Adverb of timenya biasanya adalah menggunakan clausa atau kalimat seperti when……., after………, before……., as soon as……. .
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + had + v 3
Examples:
1. I had washed my bag before I the rain dropped.
2. You had seen the moon when the sun went down.
3. We had taken all our stuff as soon as we had breakfast.
4. They had driven away after they realised it.
5. He had blown the candle before we started the party.
6. She had stirred the mixture when I put the formula.
7. It had made its nest before it was dark.


Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + had + NOT + V3
Examples:
1. I hadn’t made a bed when my friend asked me to go.
2. You hadn’t showed me the film
3. We hadn’t spoken up before the time came.
4. They hadn’t figured out when the lights were on.
5. He hadn’t had dinner when I made the omelet.
6. She hadn’t filled the tank before I gave her money.
7. It hadn’t openned its mouth if the bell didn’t ring.

Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
had + S + V3?
Examples:
1. Had I dreamt?
2. Had you swept the floor?
3. Had we read the holy Qurán before the teacher came in?
4. Had they behaved well after we gave the advice?
5. Had he believed us?
6. Had she made the coffe?
7. Had it moved its tail when we touched it?