QUESTION TAGS
Question tag atau tag question adalah kalimat penegasan. Ada beberapa aturan ketika kita membuat question tag yaitu:
1. Apabila kalimatnya positive maka question tag nya negative. Apabila kalimantnya negative maka tagnya positive. Misalnya:
- She rides a bike to school, doesn’t she?
- I didn’t take your pencil, did I?
2. Subject yang digunakan pada kalimat sama dengan subject pada question tag, misalnya: Your mother loves you so much, doesn’t she?
3. Tag harus disingkat sehingga ketika bentuk singkatannya tidak ada maka harus diganti atau dipinjam dari bentuk lain, misalnya : I am a teacher, aren’t I?
4. Tag tersusun dari auxialiary/aux (kata kerja bantu) ditambah subject. Ketika kalimatnya berbeda tenses, maka kata kerja bantunya pun berbeda pula.
Misalnya:
Simple present, aux nya adalah do/don’t, does/doesn’t.
Do/don’t untuk subject I, you, we they.
Does/doesn’t untuk subject he, she, It.
Examples:
- I read your novel, don’t I
- she stays here for a week, doesn’t she?
- You don’t remember anything, do you?
- He doesn’t bring the things we need, does he?
Present continous, aux nya adalah am, is, are
Am untuk subject I
Is untuk subject he, she, it
Are untuk subject you, we, they
Examples
- Am I doing anything, aren’t I?
- He is playing badminton, isn’t he?
- We are not laughing at you, are we?
Present perfect aux nya adalah have untuk subject I, you, we, they dan has untuk subject he, she, it.
Examples
I have bought a nice pencase, haven’t I?
He hasn’t returned the book to the library, has he?
Simple past, aux nya adalah did untuk semua subject.
Examples:
He didn’t tell the truth, did he?
We drove him up, didn’t we?
Past continuous, aux nya adalah was untuk subject I, he, she, it dan were untuk subject you, we, they.
Examples:
He wasn’t writing while Iwas reading, was he?
You were coming when they were going, weren’t you?
Past perfect, aux nya adalah had untuk semua subject.
Examples:
I had locked the door before I went out, hadn’t I?
You hadn’t said anything I asked you, had you?
She had been trembling until she was called, hadn’t she?
Modals, auxnya adalah modals itu sendiri yaitu: can, will, shall, must, may, should, could, would, might.
Examples:
I can swim well, can’t I?
We won’t come late, will we
You should study hard, shouldn’t you?
Senin, 28 Februari 2011
CAUSATIVE
CAUSATIVE
Causative adalah salah satu bentuk kalimat pasif yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang, biasanya, dilakukan oleh orang lain untuk kita misalnya kita mengatakan: “Saya sedang membangun rumah sekarang.” Biasanya bukan kita langsung yang melakukannya.
Ada 5 jenis causative yaitu:
1. Causative LET
2. Causative MAKE
3. Causative HAVE
4. Causative GET
5. Causative HELP
Pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut:
1. S + LET + O (ORANG) + INF
S + LET + O (BENDA) + V3
2. S + MAKE + O (orang) + INF
S + MAKE + O (benda) + V3
3. S + HAVE + O (orang) + INF
S + HAVE + O (benda) + V3
4. S + GET + O (orang) + TO INF
S + GET + O (benda) + V3
5. S + HELP + O (orang) + INF
S + HELP + O (orang) + TO INF
Note:
- INF adalah infinitive yaitu kata kerja asli, yang tidak ditambah imbuhan apapun seperti –ing, -ed, -s, -es, ataupun to-.
- TO INF adalah kata kerja infinitive yang mendapat imbuahan to- di depannya misalnya to go, to know,dsb.
- Kata kerja let, make, have, get dan help bisa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan tensesnya sementara kata kerja setelah objek tetap.
Examples:
1. – Let me go!
- She lets her hair blown.
2. - Don’t make your little brother cry, said the mother to her son.
- We didn’t make the machine broken.
3. - He had the plumber fix the pipe.
- Does your father have his car repaired?
4. - Will you get somebody to paint your house?
- I couldn’t get my cell phone linked.
5. - Would you like to help me to wrap this present?
- He helped me take my heavy stuffs.
Causative adalah salah satu bentuk kalimat pasif yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang, biasanya, dilakukan oleh orang lain untuk kita misalnya kita mengatakan: “Saya sedang membangun rumah sekarang.” Biasanya bukan kita langsung yang melakukannya.
Ada 5 jenis causative yaitu:
1. Causative LET
2. Causative MAKE
3. Causative HAVE
4. Causative GET
5. Causative HELP
Pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut:
1. S + LET + O (ORANG) + INF
S + LET + O (BENDA) + V3
2. S + MAKE + O (orang) + INF
S + MAKE + O (benda) + V3
3. S + HAVE + O (orang) + INF
S + HAVE + O (benda) + V3
4. S + GET + O (orang) + TO INF
S + GET + O (benda) + V3
5. S + HELP + O (orang) + INF
S + HELP + O (orang) + TO INF
Note:
- INF adalah infinitive yaitu kata kerja asli, yang tidak ditambah imbuhan apapun seperti –ing, -ed, -s, -es, ataupun to-.
- TO INF adalah kata kerja infinitive yang mendapat imbuahan to- di depannya misalnya to go, to know,dsb.
- Kata kerja let, make, have, get dan help bisa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan tensesnya sementara kata kerja setelah objek tetap.
Examples:
1. – Let me go!
- She lets her hair blown.
2. - Don’t make your little brother cry, said the mother to her son.
- We didn’t make the machine broken.
3. - He had the plumber fix the pipe.
- Does your father have his car repaired?
4. - Will you get somebody to paint your house?
- I couldn’t get my cell phone linked.
5. - Would you like to help me to wrap this present?
- He helped me take my heavy stuffs.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Degrees of comparison adalah perbandingan tingkat pada kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb of manner). Ada 3 bentuk degrees of comparison yaitu positive, comparative, dan superlative. Perbandingan positive yaitu apabila kita ingin membandingkan 2 hal/benda/orang yang sama kualitasnya misalnya sam tinggi, sama usia, dsb. Perbandingan comparative yaitu apabila kita ingin membandingkan 2 hal /benda/orang tetapi salah satunya lebih kualitasnya dari yang lain misalnya lebih tiggi, lebih tua, dsb. Sementara perbandingan superlative yaitu apabila kita ingin membandingkan 3 atau lebih hal /benda/orang dan slah satunya kualitasnya paling bagus atau tinggi, dsb dibandingkan yang lain.
Bentuknya adalah:
Positive : as ..... as
Comparative : .......er than
More ........
Superlative : the ..........est
The most ...........
Note:
- untuk adjective titik-titiknya diisi dengan bentuk asli dari adjective misalnya as long as, longer than, the longest.
- Yang berakhiran ...er dan ....est ditambahkan pada adjective yang mempuyai 1 atau 2 suku kata misalnya long, smart, big, dsb.
- Kata more dan most diambahkan pada kata sifat yang mempunyai 2 atau 3 suku kata misalnya beautiful, handsome, patient.
- Untuk adverb pada bentuk positive diisi dengan bentuk adverb langsung misalnya as beautifully as,
Degrees of comparison adalah perbandingan tingkat pada kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb of manner). Ada 3 bentuk degrees of comparison yaitu positive, comparative, dan superlative. Perbandingan positive yaitu apabila kita ingin membandingkan 2 hal/benda/orang yang sama kualitasnya misalnya sam tinggi, sama usia, dsb. Perbandingan comparative yaitu apabila kita ingin membandingkan 2 hal /benda/orang tetapi salah satunya lebih kualitasnya dari yang lain misalnya lebih tiggi, lebih tua, dsb. Sementara perbandingan superlative yaitu apabila kita ingin membandingkan 3 atau lebih hal /benda/orang dan slah satunya kualitasnya paling bagus atau tinggi, dsb dibandingkan yang lain.
Bentuknya adalah:
Positive : as ..... as
Comparative : .......er than
More ........
Superlative : the ..........est
The most ...........
Note:
- untuk adjective titik-titiknya diisi dengan bentuk asli dari adjective misalnya as long as, longer than, the longest.
- Yang berakhiran ...er dan ....est ditambahkan pada adjective yang mempuyai 1 atau 2 suku kata misalnya long, smart, big, dsb.
- Kata more dan most diambahkan pada kata sifat yang mempunyai 2 atau 3 suku kata misalnya beautiful, handsome, patient.
- Untuk adverb pada bentuk positive diisi dengan bentuk adverb langsung misalnya as beautifully as,
Kamis, 24 Februari 2011
PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice atau kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang pelakunya (the DOER) diletakkan sebagai objek sementara bendanya atau objeknya diletakkan sebagai subjek. Unsur utama dari kalimat pasif adalah to be dan past perticiple (V3). To be nya akan berubah-ubah sesuai dengan tenses yang digunakan sementara kata kerja ketiganya tetap. Untuk merubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dapat dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut:
E. Tukar atau ganti subjek di kalimat aktif menjadi objek di kalimat pasif, objek di kalimat aktif menjadi subjek di kalimat pasif.
F. Sesuaikan to be dengan subjek yang baru di kalimat pasif.
G. Rubah kata kerja di kalimat aktif dengan kata kerja ketiga (V3) untuk kalimat pasif.
H. Tambahkan pelakunya dengan menggunakan kata by. Pelakunya menjadi objek sehingga apabila menggunakan pronoun harus dibuat dengan bentuk pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai objek. Misalnya by him, by her, by me, dsb.
I. Yang bisa dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif adalah kalimat yang menggunakan objek.
Pola kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Simple Present Tense
S + am/is/are + V3
I eat rice. kalimat aktif
Rice is eaten by me. kalimat pasif
2. Present Continuous Tense
S + am/is/are + being + V3
She is teaching English. kalimat aktif
English is being taught by her. kalimat pasif
3. Preset Future Tense
S + will/shall + be + V3
We will discuss the problem soon. kalimat aktif
The problem will be discussed by us soon. kalimat pasif
4. Present Perfect Tense
S + have/has + been + V3
She has sent me a letter. kalimat aktif
I have been sent a letter by her. kalimat pasif
5. Simple Past tense
S + was/were + V3
Tedi played the basketball just now. kalimat aktif
The basketball was played by Tedi just now. kalimat pasif
6. Past Continuous Tense
S + was/were + being + V3
My mother was cooking some soup. kalimat aktif
Some soup was cooked by my mother. kalimat pasif
7. Past Perfect Tense
S + had + been + V3
He had broken his promise kalimat aktif
His promise had been broken by him. kalimat pasif
Passive voice atau kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang pelakunya (the DOER) diletakkan sebagai objek sementara bendanya atau objeknya diletakkan sebagai subjek. Unsur utama dari kalimat pasif adalah to be dan past perticiple (V3). To be nya akan berubah-ubah sesuai dengan tenses yang digunakan sementara kata kerja ketiganya tetap. Untuk merubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif dapat dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut:
E. Tukar atau ganti subjek di kalimat aktif menjadi objek di kalimat pasif, objek di kalimat aktif menjadi subjek di kalimat pasif.
F. Sesuaikan to be dengan subjek yang baru di kalimat pasif.
G. Rubah kata kerja di kalimat aktif dengan kata kerja ketiga (V3) untuk kalimat pasif.
H. Tambahkan pelakunya dengan menggunakan kata by. Pelakunya menjadi objek sehingga apabila menggunakan pronoun harus dibuat dengan bentuk pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai objek. Misalnya by him, by her, by me, dsb.
I. Yang bisa dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif adalah kalimat yang menggunakan objek.
Pola kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Simple Present Tense
S + am/is/are + V3
I eat rice. kalimat aktif
Rice is eaten by me. kalimat pasif
2. Present Continuous Tense
S + am/is/are + being + V3
She is teaching English. kalimat aktif
English is being taught by her. kalimat pasif
3. Preset Future Tense
S + will/shall + be + V3
We will discuss the problem soon. kalimat aktif
The problem will be discussed by us soon. kalimat pasif
4. Present Perfect Tense
S + have/has + been + V3
She has sent me a letter. kalimat aktif
I have been sent a letter by her. kalimat pasif
5. Simple Past tense
S + was/were + V3
Tedi played the basketball just now. kalimat aktif
The basketball was played by Tedi just now. kalimat pasif
6. Past Continuous Tense
S + was/were + being + V3
My mother was cooking some soup. kalimat aktif
Some soup was cooked by my mother. kalimat pasif
7. Past Perfect Tense
S + had + been + V3
He had broken his promise kalimat aktif
His promise had been broken by him. kalimat pasif
SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
Kalimat pengandaian mempunyai beberapa bentuk seperti:
a. if conditional
b. wish
c. as if atau as though
d. would rather
a. IF CONDITIONAL
If conditonal terdiri dari 3 tipe yaitu:
A. Tipe present yaitu tipe pengandaian yang kemungkinan terjadinya 50 % dan kemungkian tidak terjadinya pun 50%. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + WILL/SHALL + inf + IF + S + V1 (s/es)
S + WILL/SHALL + be ¬+ + IF + S + V1 (s/es)
Examples:
7. She will tell the truth if you keep silent.
8. I will understand if he explains it clearly.
9. If they don’t send them back soon, we will call the police.
10. If she gets the news, we will be very happy.
B. Tipe Uunreal Present yaitu tipe pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + WOULD + inf + IF + S + V2
S + WOULD + inf + IF + S + WERE + N/ADJ/ADV
Examples:
1. I would do anything you want if you were my boyfriend.
2. If they didn’t visit us now, we wouldn’t forgive them.
3. Would you spend your time with us if we stay in your place?
4. He would be very happy if she met him
5. If I were him, I wouldn’t accept the gift.
C. Tipe Unreal Past yaitu tipe pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena peristiwanya sudah terjadi. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + WOULD HAVE + V3 + IF + S + HAD + V3
S + WOULD HAVE + BEEN + IF + S + HAD + V3
Examples:
1. We would have brought something if we had had a picnic.
2. If he hadn’t studied studied before, would he have been able to do the test?
3. They wouldn’t have been hungry if they had had breakfast before.
4. Would she have seen Mr Soekarno if she had stayed there?
5. I would have done the work if you had asked me to.
B. WISH
Wish adalah salah satu bentuk pengandaian yang lain. Pola kalimatnya agak khusus karena tidak sesuai kelaziman; lazimnya dalam satu kalimat selalu ada keselarasan tenses, apabila kalimat pertama dalam bentuk present maka kalimat yang lain(dalam satu kalimat itu) juga dalam bentuk present. Pada bentuk wish ini pola kalimatnya seperti berikut:
S + WISH/WISHES + S + V2 (kalimat dalam bentuk simple past tense)
S + WISHED + S + HAD + V3
Examples:
1. I wish I could help you. (kenyataanya: I can’t help you)
2. She wishes you told the truth. (kenyataanya: you don’t tell the truth)
3. They wished we had experienced a great thing. (kenyataanya: we didn’t have a great thing)
4. We wished you had been our relative (kenyataanya: you weren’t our relative)
C.AS IF/AS THOUGH
As if/ as though berarti seolah-olah. Ini juga merupakan bentuk kalimat yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan. Pola kalimatnya sama dengan bentuk wish yaitu:
S + V1(s/es) + AS IF/AS THOUGH + S + V2 (kalimat dalam bentuk simple past tense)
Examples:
1. She behaves as if she didn’t know anything.
2. He pretends as though everything were under control.
3. They thought as if we had done this before.
4. I felt as though I had been in a paradise.
Note:
To be yang digunakan adalah to be were dan been
D. WOULD RATHER
Selain digunakan dalam bentuk preference, kata would rather juga bisa digunakan dalam bentuk subjunctive tetapi dengan pola kalimat yang berbeda yaitu:
S + WOULD RATHER + S + V 2
Examples :
1. I would rather you stayed there before I came home.
2. I would rather he didn’t laugh at her anymore.
3. We would rather they were good boys.
Kalimat pengandaian mempunyai beberapa bentuk seperti:
a. if conditional
b. wish
c. as if atau as though
d. would rather
a. IF CONDITIONAL
If conditonal terdiri dari 3 tipe yaitu:
A. Tipe present yaitu tipe pengandaian yang kemungkinan terjadinya 50 % dan kemungkian tidak terjadinya pun 50%. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + WILL/SHALL + inf + IF + S + V1 (s/es)
S + WILL/SHALL + be ¬+ + IF + S + V1 (s/es)
Examples:
7. She will tell the truth if you keep silent.
8. I will understand if he explains it clearly.
9. If they don’t send them back soon, we will call the police.
10. If she gets the news, we will be very happy.
B. Tipe Uunreal Present yaitu tipe pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + WOULD + inf + IF + S + V2
S + WOULD + inf + IF + S + WERE + N/ADJ/ADV
Examples:
1. I would do anything you want if you were my boyfriend.
2. If they didn’t visit us now, we wouldn’t forgive them.
3. Would you spend your time with us if we stay in your place?
4. He would be very happy if she met him
5. If I were him, I wouldn’t accept the gift.
C. Tipe Unreal Past yaitu tipe pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena peristiwanya sudah terjadi. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + WOULD HAVE + V3 + IF + S + HAD + V3
S + WOULD HAVE + BEEN + IF + S + HAD + V3
Examples:
1. We would have brought something if we had had a picnic.
2. If he hadn’t studied studied before, would he have been able to do the test?
3. They wouldn’t have been hungry if they had had breakfast before.
4. Would she have seen Mr Soekarno if she had stayed there?
5. I would have done the work if you had asked me to.
B. WISH
Wish adalah salah satu bentuk pengandaian yang lain. Pola kalimatnya agak khusus karena tidak sesuai kelaziman; lazimnya dalam satu kalimat selalu ada keselarasan tenses, apabila kalimat pertama dalam bentuk present maka kalimat yang lain(dalam satu kalimat itu) juga dalam bentuk present. Pada bentuk wish ini pola kalimatnya seperti berikut:
S + WISH/WISHES + S + V2 (kalimat dalam bentuk simple past tense)
S + WISHED + S + HAD + V3
Examples:
1. I wish I could help you. (kenyataanya: I can’t help you)
2. She wishes you told the truth. (kenyataanya: you don’t tell the truth)
3. They wished we had experienced a great thing. (kenyataanya: we didn’t have a great thing)
4. We wished you had been our relative (kenyataanya: you weren’t our relative)
C.AS IF/AS THOUGH
As if/ as though berarti seolah-olah. Ini juga merupakan bentuk kalimat yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan. Pola kalimatnya sama dengan bentuk wish yaitu:
S + V1(s/es) + AS IF/AS THOUGH + S + V2 (kalimat dalam bentuk simple past tense)
Examples:
1. She behaves as if she didn’t know anything.
2. He pretends as though everything were under control.
3. They thought as if we had done this before.
4. I felt as though I had been in a paradise.
Note:
To be yang digunakan adalah to be were dan been
D. WOULD RATHER
Selain digunakan dalam bentuk preference, kata would rather juga bisa digunakan dalam bentuk subjunctive tetapi dengan pola kalimat yang berbeda yaitu:
S + WOULD RATHER + S + V 2
Examples :
1. I would rather you stayed there before I came home.
2. I would rather he didn’t laugh at her anymore.
3. We would rather they were good boys.
USED TO
USED TO dan BE USED TO
Used to adalah satu bentuk yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kebiasaan di masa lampau tetapi sudah tidak dilakukan lagi sekarang. Sementara be used to adalah kebiasaan yang dilakukan di masa dulu dan sampai sekarang masih berlangsung. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
- S + used to + inf
- S + didn’t use to + inf
- Did + S + use to + inf?
Examples:
1. She used to walked around this park at thiss time.
2. I used to do exercise in the morning when I was still singgle.
3. We didn’t use to throw the trash anywhere.
4. They didn’t use to pay by credit card.
5. Did he use to make an omelet for himself?
6. Did you use to study at dawn?
Pola kalimat lainnya adalah :
- S + AM/IS/ARE + USED TO + V ING
- S + AM/IS/ARE + NOT + USED TO + V ING
- AM/IS/ARE + S + USED TO + V ING?
Examples:
1. We are used to coming on time.
2. You are used to picking me up at this time.
3. She isn’t used to waking up late.
4. It isn’t used to eating vegetables.
5. Are they used to fighting each othe?
6. Is he used to sailing to the sea?
Used to adalah satu bentuk yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kebiasaan di masa lampau tetapi sudah tidak dilakukan lagi sekarang. Sementara be used to adalah kebiasaan yang dilakukan di masa dulu dan sampai sekarang masih berlangsung. Pola kalimatnya adalah:
- S + used to + inf
- S + didn’t use to + inf
- Did + S + use to + inf?
Examples:
1. She used to walked around this park at thiss time.
2. I used to do exercise in the morning when I was still singgle.
3. We didn’t use to throw the trash anywhere.
4. They didn’t use to pay by credit card.
5. Did he use to make an omelet for himself?
6. Did you use to study at dawn?
Pola kalimat lainnya adalah :
- S + AM/IS/ARE + USED TO + V ING
- S + AM/IS/ARE + NOT + USED TO + V ING
- AM/IS/ARE + S + USED TO + V ING?
Examples:
1. We are used to coming on time.
2. You are used to picking me up at this time.
3. She isn’t used to waking up late.
4. It isn’t used to eating vegetables.
5. Are they used to fighting each othe?
6. Is he used to sailing to the sea?
TENSES
TENSES
I. PRESENT TENSE
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian atau kegiatan sehari-hari atau kebiasaan atau kebenaran umum. Keterangan waktu yang digunakan adalah every day, every week, every month, every…. , On Mondays, on Tuesdays, on…. Sementara keterangan keseringan (adverb of Frequency) yang digunakan adalah always, generally, usually, never, ever, hardly ever, seldom, rarely, often yang biasanya diletakkan diantara subjek dengan verb. Pattern atau rumusnya sebagai berikut:
S+V1(s/es)
Note:
V1 adalah infinitive yaitu kata kerja yang tidak mendapat tambahan apapun apabila menggunakan subjek I, YOU, WE, THEY. Sementara s/es adalah tambahan di belakang V1 apabila menggunakan HE, SHE, IT.
Examples:
1. I cook for lunch at 9.00 every day.
2. you drive a car very carefully.
3. We study hard for facing our examination.
4. He plays the drum every day for competition.
5. She smiles at me every time we meet.
6. It eats the meat we give every week.
Untuk bentuk negative tinggal ditambahkan kata DO NOT /DON’T untuk subjek I, YOU, WE, THEY sebelum kata kerja dan DOES NOT/DOESN’T untuk subjek HE, SHE, IT.
Examples
1. I don’t like a burger with onion on it.
2. You don’t see a ghost, do you?
3. We don’t spend the night with useless activities.
4. They don’t play basketball but volley ball.
5. He doesn’t eat meat. He is a vegetarian.
6. She doesn’t sing alone.
7. It doesn’t suit with his color.
Sementara untuk bentuk interrogative tinggal memindahkan kata kerja bantu do atau does di awal kalimat.
Examples:
a. Do you like mangoes?
b. Do I have to sign here?
c. Do we stay here forever?
d. Do they want to help us?
e. Does she study chemistry?
f. Does he always make you happy?
g. Does her cat eat mouse?
Jawaban untuk pertanyaan interrogative adalah yes atau no yang diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja bantunya misalnya yes, I do; no, they don’t; yes she does; no he doesn’t.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE/ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada saat si pembicara berbicara atau di seputar waktu si pembicara berbicara. Adverbs of Time (kata keterangan waktu) yang digunakan adalah now, at present, at the moment, at this time, right now dan ungkapan seperti look!, listen!, wait!, be careful!, hurry up!
Pattern /pola kalimatnya/rumusnya adalah:
S + am/is/are + v ing
To be am untuk subjek I
To be is untuk subjek he, she, it
To be are untuk subjek you, we, they
Examples
1. I am looking for my wallet.
2. He is singing a song with our teacher.
3. She is watering the plants right now.
4. It is catching the mouse.
5. You are watching tv at this moment.
6. We are discussing an English test.
7. They are mending our shoes together.
8. Look! The police is interviewing the native.
9. Listen! Afgan is singing a very nice song.
10. Be careful! You are facing a short bridge.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah
S + am/is/are + not + v ing
Examples:
1. I am not taking your book.
2. He isn’t telling a lie, I’m sure.
3. She isn’t cooking the soup for you.
4. The cat isn’t sleeping now, it’s playing a ball.
5. You aren’t killing the ants, are you?
6. You and I aren’t fighting.
7. They aren’t listening to you, actually.
Sementara untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah
Am/is/are + S + ving?
Examples:
1. Are you feeling ok?
2. Am I doing the right thing?
3. Are you seriously giving me this gift?
4. Are they coming here altogether?
5. Is he signing a paper we need.
6. Is she participating the seminar?
7. Is the elephant chewing its food?
3. PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan. Kata keterangan waktu (adverb of time) nya adalah later, next month, next year, next …., tomorrow, tonight, this afternoon, this evening, soon.
Pattern /pola kalimatnya/rumusnya adalah:
a. S + will/shall + inf
b. S + am/is/are + going to + inf
c. S + plan/plans + to + inf
d. S + am/is/are + v ing
Note :
- Inf adalah infinitif atau kata kerja yang asli, tidak mendapat tambahan akhiran atau awalan apapun. Sementara to inf adalah infinitif yang diawali to misalnya to infinitif untuk kata kerja go adalah to go.
- Kata yang dicetak miring pada pola kalimat diatas mempunyai arti akan.
- Will bisa digunakan untuk semua subjek sementara shall hanya digunakan untuk I dan we saja.
Examples:
a. 1. I will introduce you to my friend.
2. You will understand him soon.
b. 1 She is going to come here on next Monday.
2. They are going to guide me tomorrow.
3. I am going to accompany her to the supermarket.
c. 1. We plan to go to Pangandaran beach on holiday.
2. My daughter plans to stay in her cousins’house tonight.
d. 1. She is studying mathematics with me this evening.
2. They are being good students, I believe!
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
1. S + will/shall + not + inf
2. S + am/is/are + not + going to + inf
3. S + don’t/doesn’t plan + to inf
4. S + am/is/are + not + to inf
Examples:
1. I will not be a woman just like what you want.
2. We shall not say it until he keeps silent.
3. They don’t plan to come back here.
4. He is not being ambarassed if you ask his debt.
5. She is not being here when you call.
6. A horse is not being a lion.
7. I am not being in Bandung in a week.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
1. will/shall + S + inf
2. am/is/are + S + going to + inf
3. do/does + S + plan + to inf
4. am/is/are + S + to inf
Examples:
1. will you take care of my children when I’m away?
2. Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
3. Am I going to finish this paper alone?
4. Is he going to burn all the papers?
5. Do they plan to study abroad after finish studying here?
6. Does she plan to make a café later on?
7. Are we leaving it behind?
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang telah dilakukan dan masih ada akibat atau hasilnya sampai sekarang. Adverb of time yang digunakan yaitu since……, for……, dan during …… .
Since berarti sejak atau merupakan titik waktu kita memulai suatu pekerjaan atau kegiatan sehingga harus ditambahkan dengan waktu yang merupakan titik permulaan biasanya ditandai dengan kata ……..ago atau last….. misalnya since two days ago, since last three months, last week dsb.
Sementara for berarti selama, merupakan lamanya waktu untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan. Biasanya ada jumlah waktunya atau nama waktunya misalnya for a week, for 5 years, dsb.
During juga berarti selama. Bedanya dengan for adalah during biasanya diikuti dengan nama waktu misalnya during holiday, during fasting month, dsb.
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + have/has + v 3
Note:
- have untuk subjek I, you, we, they
- has untuk subjek he, she, it.
Examples:
a. I have done the work since two hours ago.
b. You have watched this film several times.
c. We have translated for you for one hour.
d. They have come back here since this morning.
e. He has turned the car round but he still can’t find it.
f. She has made a nice bucket of fower for you.
g. It has taken the fish from the dining table.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + have/has + not + v 3
Examples:
1. I haven’t told him the secret.
2. You haven’t paid me your debt.
3. We haven’t said anything to her.
4. They haven’t typed the words you said.
5. He hasn’t washed his motorbike.
6. She hasn’t sewn my clothes.
7. It hasn’t eaten anything since this morning. Maybe it’s ill.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
have/has + S + v 3?
Examples:
1. Have I put my bag? I don’t remember.
2. Have you made a decision?
3. Have we discussed it before?
4. Have they sent them back?
5. Has he already delivered his speech?
6. Has she fixed her car yet?
7. Has it caught the mouse?
II. PAST TENSE
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan dan tidak ada akibatnya atau yang dipentingkan hanya waktunya saja. Adverb of time yang digunakan adalah last night, last week, last….., yesterday, five months ago, two minutes ago, ……….ago, this morning.
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + v2
Examples:
1. I kept my keys here five minutes ago.
2. You took my books, right?
3. We ment this for you.
4. They got the clips we needed.
5. He woke up late this morning.
6. She walked alone in the middle of the night yesterday.
7. The rabbit was cute. It died a moment ago.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + didn’t + v 1
S + was/were + not + N/adj/adv?
Examples:
1. I was not brave to tell my boss about it.
2. You didn’t let me do it.
3. We weren’t students of secondary 5.
4. They didn’t understand what happenned.
5. He didn’t fold the jacket.
6. She wasn’t in Jakarta last week.
7. It didn’t smell anything.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
Did + S + V1?
Was/were + S + N/adj/adv?
Examples:
1. Did I speak up in my sleeping?
2. Were you there when I was here?
3. Did we thank him?
4. Were they members of our group?
5. Did he laughed at you? How brave!
6. Did she turn the books?
7. Did it tear the papers?
2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain sedang berlansung. Adverb of time yang digunakan adalah when……, dan while…… .
Setelah while harus ditambah bentuk past continuous ( S + was/were + v ing) sementara setelah when harus ditambah bentuk simple past ( S + V 2).
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + was/were + v ing
Note:
- Was digunakan untuk subjek I, he, she, it
- Were digunakan untuk subjek you, we, they
Examples:
1. I was preparing my show when you called me.
2. You were singing while he was reading a poetry.
3. We were digging the land when I saw a snake.
4. They were flying to Europe while we were staying here.
5. He was knocking on the door when my father openned it.
6. She was trembling when she came on stage.
7. The goats were eating the grass when we were ready to kill them.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + was/were + NOT + v ing
Examples:
I wasn’t doing anything when you came to me.
You weren’t smiling at him when I glanced you.
We weren’t typing your paper.
They weren’t learning how to cook.
He wasn’t taking a bath.
She wasn’t walking alone.
It wasn’t moving the chair.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
was/were + S + v ing?
Examples:
1. Was I making it round?
2. Were you saying the nasty words?
3. Were we pulling this door?
4. Were they grabbing us?
5. Was he denying the fact?
6. Was she blaming herself?
7. Was it easily catching it?
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain sudah dilakukan di masa lampau. Adverb of timenya biasanya adalah menggunakan clausa atau kalimat seperti when……., after………, before……., as soon as……. .
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + had + v 3
Examples:
1. I had washed my bag before I the rain dropped.
2. You had seen the moon when the sun went down.
3. We had taken all our stuff as soon as we had breakfast.
4. They had driven away after they realised it.
5. He had blown the candle before we started the party.
6. She had stirred the mixture when I put the formula.
7. It had made its nest before it was dark.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + had + NOT + V3
Examples:
1. I hadn’t made a bed when my friend asked me to go.
2. You hadn’t showed me the film
3. We hadn’t spoken up before the time came.
4. They hadn’t figured out when the lights were on.
5. He hadn’t had dinner when I made the omelet.
6. She hadn’t filled the tank before I gave her money.
7. It hadn’t openned its mouth if the bell didn’t ring.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
had + S + V3?
Examples:
1. Had I dreamt?
2. Had you swept the floor?
3. Had we read the holy Qurán before the teacher came in?
4. Had they behaved well after we gave the advice?
5. Had he believed us?
6. Had she made the coffe?
7. Had it moved its tail when we touched it?
I. PRESENT TENSE
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian atau kegiatan sehari-hari atau kebiasaan atau kebenaran umum. Keterangan waktu yang digunakan adalah every day, every week, every month, every…. , On Mondays, on Tuesdays, on…. Sementara keterangan keseringan (adverb of Frequency) yang digunakan adalah always, generally, usually, never, ever, hardly ever, seldom, rarely, often yang biasanya diletakkan diantara subjek dengan verb. Pattern atau rumusnya sebagai berikut:
S+V1(s/es)
Note:
V1 adalah infinitive yaitu kata kerja yang tidak mendapat tambahan apapun apabila menggunakan subjek I, YOU, WE, THEY. Sementara s/es adalah tambahan di belakang V1 apabila menggunakan HE, SHE, IT.
Examples:
1. I cook for lunch at 9.00 every day.
2. you drive a car very carefully.
3. We study hard for facing our examination.
4. He plays the drum every day for competition.
5. She smiles at me every time we meet.
6. It eats the meat we give every week.
Untuk bentuk negative tinggal ditambahkan kata DO NOT /DON’T untuk subjek I, YOU, WE, THEY sebelum kata kerja dan DOES NOT/DOESN’T untuk subjek HE, SHE, IT.
Examples
1. I don’t like a burger with onion on it.
2. You don’t see a ghost, do you?
3. We don’t spend the night with useless activities.
4. They don’t play basketball but volley ball.
5. He doesn’t eat meat. He is a vegetarian.
6. She doesn’t sing alone.
7. It doesn’t suit with his color.
Sementara untuk bentuk interrogative tinggal memindahkan kata kerja bantu do atau does di awal kalimat.
Examples:
a. Do you like mangoes?
b. Do I have to sign here?
c. Do we stay here forever?
d. Do they want to help us?
e. Does she study chemistry?
f. Does he always make you happy?
g. Does her cat eat mouse?
Jawaban untuk pertanyaan interrogative adalah yes atau no yang diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja bantunya misalnya yes, I do; no, they don’t; yes she does; no he doesn’t.
2. PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE/ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada saat si pembicara berbicara atau di seputar waktu si pembicara berbicara. Adverbs of Time (kata keterangan waktu) yang digunakan adalah now, at present, at the moment, at this time, right now dan ungkapan seperti look!, listen!, wait!, be careful!, hurry up!
Pattern /pola kalimatnya/rumusnya adalah:
S + am/is/are + v ing
To be am untuk subjek I
To be is untuk subjek he, she, it
To be are untuk subjek you, we, they
Examples
1. I am looking for my wallet.
2. He is singing a song with our teacher.
3. She is watering the plants right now.
4. It is catching the mouse.
5. You are watching tv at this moment.
6. We are discussing an English test.
7. They are mending our shoes together.
8. Look! The police is interviewing the native.
9. Listen! Afgan is singing a very nice song.
10. Be careful! You are facing a short bridge.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah
S + am/is/are + not + v ing
Examples:
1. I am not taking your book.
2. He isn’t telling a lie, I’m sure.
3. She isn’t cooking the soup for you.
4. The cat isn’t sleeping now, it’s playing a ball.
5. You aren’t killing the ants, are you?
6. You and I aren’t fighting.
7. They aren’t listening to you, actually.
Sementara untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah
Am/is/are + S + ving?
Examples:
1. Are you feeling ok?
2. Am I doing the right thing?
3. Are you seriously giving me this gift?
4. Are they coming here altogether?
5. Is he signing a paper we need.
6. Is she participating the seminar?
7. Is the elephant chewing its food?
3. PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan. Kata keterangan waktu (adverb of time) nya adalah later, next month, next year, next …., tomorrow, tonight, this afternoon, this evening, soon.
Pattern /pola kalimatnya/rumusnya adalah:
a. S + will/shall + inf
b. S + am/is/are + going to + inf
c. S + plan/plans + to + inf
d. S + am/is/are + v ing
Note :
- Inf adalah infinitif atau kata kerja yang asli, tidak mendapat tambahan akhiran atau awalan apapun. Sementara to inf adalah infinitif yang diawali to misalnya to infinitif untuk kata kerja go adalah to go.
- Kata yang dicetak miring pada pola kalimat diatas mempunyai arti akan.
- Will bisa digunakan untuk semua subjek sementara shall hanya digunakan untuk I dan we saja.
Examples:
a. 1. I will introduce you to my friend.
2. You will understand him soon.
b. 1 She is going to come here on next Monday.
2. They are going to guide me tomorrow.
3. I am going to accompany her to the supermarket.
c. 1. We plan to go to Pangandaran beach on holiday.
2. My daughter plans to stay in her cousins’house tonight.
d. 1. She is studying mathematics with me this evening.
2. They are being good students, I believe!
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
1. S + will/shall + not + inf
2. S + am/is/are + not + going to + inf
3. S + don’t/doesn’t plan + to inf
4. S + am/is/are + not + to inf
Examples:
1. I will not be a woman just like what you want.
2. We shall not say it until he keeps silent.
3. They don’t plan to come back here.
4. He is not being ambarassed if you ask his debt.
5. She is not being here when you call.
6. A horse is not being a lion.
7. I am not being in Bandung in a week.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
1. will/shall + S + inf
2. am/is/are + S + going to + inf
3. do/does + S + plan + to inf
4. am/is/are + S + to inf
Examples:
1. will you take care of my children when I’m away?
2. Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
3. Am I going to finish this paper alone?
4. Is he going to burn all the papers?
5. Do they plan to study abroad after finish studying here?
6. Does she plan to make a café later on?
7. Are we leaving it behind?
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang telah dilakukan dan masih ada akibat atau hasilnya sampai sekarang. Adverb of time yang digunakan yaitu since……, for……, dan during …… .
Since berarti sejak atau merupakan titik waktu kita memulai suatu pekerjaan atau kegiatan sehingga harus ditambahkan dengan waktu yang merupakan titik permulaan biasanya ditandai dengan kata ……..ago atau last….. misalnya since two days ago, since last three months, last week dsb.
Sementara for berarti selama, merupakan lamanya waktu untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan. Biasanya ada jumlah waktunya atau nama waktunya misalnya for a week, for 5 years, dsb.
During juga berarti selama. Bedanya dengan for adalah during biasanya diikuti dengan nama waktu misalnya during holiday, during fasting month, dsb.
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + have/has + v 3
Note:
- have untuk subjek I, you, we, they
- has untuk subjek he, she, it.
Examples:
a. I have done the work since two hours ago.
b. You have watched this film several times.
c. We have translated for you for one hour.
d. They have come back here since this morning.
e. He has turned the car round but he still can’t find it.
f. She has made a nice bucket of fower for you.
g. It has taken the fish from the dining table.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + have/has + not + v 3
Examples:
1. I haven’t told him the secret.
2. You haven’t paid me your debt.
3. We haven’t said anything to her.
4. They haven’t typed the words you said.
5. He hasn’t washed his motorbike.
6. She hasn’t sewn my clothes.
7. It hasn’t eaten anything since this morning. Maybe it’s ill.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
have/has + S + v 3?
Examples:
1. Have I put my bag? I don’t remember.
2. Have you made a decision?
3. Have we discussed it before?
4. Have they sent them back?
5. Has he already delivered his speech?
6. Has she fixed her car yet?
7. Has it caught the mouse?
II. PAST TENSE
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan dan tidak ada akibatnya atau yang dipentingkan hanya waktunya saja. Adverb of time yang digunakan adalah last night, last week, last….., yesterday, five months ago, two minutes ago, ……….ago, this morning.
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + v2
Examples:
1. I kept my keys here five minutes ago.
2. You took my books, right?
3. We ment this for you.
4. They got the clips we needed.
5. He woke up late this morning.
6. She walked alone in the middle of the night yesterday.
7. The rabbit was cute. It died a moment ago.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + didn’t + v 1
S + was/were + not + N/adj/adv?
Examples:
1. I was not brave to tell my boss about it.
2. You didn’t let me do it.
3. We weren’t students of secondary 5.
4. They didn’t understand what happenned.
5. He didn’t fold the jacket.
6. She wasn’t in Jakarta last week.
7. It didn’t smell anything.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
Did + S + V1?
Was/were + S + N/adj/adv?
Examples:
1. Did I speak up in my sleeping?
2. Were you there when I was here?
3. Did we thank him?
4. Were they members of our group?
5. Did he laughed at you? How brave!
6. Did she turn the books?
7. Did it tear the papers?
2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain sedang berlansung. Adverb of time yang digunakan adalah when……, dan while…… .
Setelah while harus ditambah bentuk past continuous ( S + was/were + v ing) sementara setelah when harus ditambah bentuk simple past ( S + V 2).
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + was/were + v ing
Note:
- Was digunakan untuk subjek I, he, she, it
- Were digunakan untuk subjek you, we, they
Examples:
1. I was preparing my show when you called me.
2. You were singing while he was reading a poetry.
3. We were digging the land when I saw a snake.
4. They were flying to Europe while we were staying here.
5. He was knocking on the door when my father openned it.
6. She was trembling when she came on stage.
7. The goats were eating the grass when we were ready to kill them.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + was/were + NOT + v ing
Examples:
I wasn’t doing anything when you came to me.
You weren’t smiling at him when I glanced you.
We weren’t typing your paper.
They weren’t learning how to cook.
He wasn’t taking a bath.
She wasn’t walking alone.
It wasn’t moving the chair.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
was/were + S + v ing?
Examples:
1. Was I making it round?
2. Were you saying the nasty words?
3. Were we pulling this door?
4. Were they grabbing us?
5. Was he denying the fact?
6. Was she blaming herself?
7. Was it easily catching it?
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain sudah dilakukan di masa lampau. Adverb of timenya biasanya adalah menggunakan clausa atau kalimat seperti when……., after………, before……., as soon as……. .
Pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + had + v 3
Examples:
1. I had washed my bag before I the rain dropped.
2. You had seen the moon when the sun went down.
3. We had taken all our stuff as soon as we had breakfast.
4. They had driven away after they realised it.
5. He had blown the candle before we started the party.
6. She had stirred the mixture when I put the formula.
7. It had made its nest before it was dark.
Untuk kalimat negatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
S + had + NOT + V3
Examples:
1. I hadn’t made a bed when my friend asked me to go.
2. You hadn’t showed me the film
3. We hadn’t spoken up before the time came.
4. They hadn’t figured out when the lights were on.
5. He hadn’t had dinner when I made the omelet.
6. She hadn’t filled the tank before I gave her money.
7. It hadn’t openned its mouth if the bell didn’t ring.
Untuk kalimat interrogatif pola kalimatnya adalah:
had + S + V3?
Examples:
1. Had I dreamt?
2. Had you swept the floor?
3. Had we read the holy Qurán before the teacher came in?
4. Had they behaved well after we gave the advice?
5. Had he believed us?
6. Had she made the coffe?
7. Had it moved its tail when we touched it?
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